E-Portal
Advertise youself and your business here
Wednesday, January 14, 2015
Thursday, July 25, 2013
Makanan Kesihatan Tempatan
Makanan dalah sumber tenaga untuk manusia. Makanan yang kotor boleh memudaratkan kesihatan kita.
Oleh yang demikian, kita kenalah bijak untuk mengatur dan memilih sumber makanan kita. Sekiranya anda ingin memgetahui rantai pemakanan anda dengan lebih teratur dan terancang, sila rujuk kepada pakar pemakanan dan diet dari klinik berhampiran anda.
Makan makanan yang berlebihan di luar kemampuan fizikal kita juga boleh memudaratkan kesihatan anda.
Contohnya; pengambilan lemak yang berlebihan, boleh menyebabkan Kolestrol dalam badan kita angkat meningkat dan boleh menyebabkan pelbagai punca penyakit, antaranya ialah darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung koronari. Di Malaysia sahaja, penyakit jantung atau darah tinggi adalah amat tinggi berbanding kanser.
Selain pemilihan dan perancangan cara makan yang betul, kebersihan juga merupakan asas yang penting agi menjamin mutu makan anda. Basuh makanan anda sebelum dimakan ataupun basuh tangan anda sebelum makan adalah rutin penjagaan makanan yang telah lama dipraktikkan oleh seluruh masyarakat dunia amnya.
Bagaimana pula dengan gaya hidup setiap individu? Ini juga harus diambil kira. Contohnya; masa makan yang selalu berubah-ubah dan tempat makan yang kekadang selesa, bersih dan sebaliknya. Karier seseorang juga memainkan peranan di dalam sistem rangkaian pemakanan setiap individu.
Oleh itu, kita sendiri kena selalu beringat untuk mengatur dengan bijak cara pemakan kita. Samada pengambilan zat-zat makanan tambahan atau pun persediaan sumber-sumber nutrisi yang banyak dijual atau diedar di dalam pasaran di sekitar kita.
Pada masa kini, banyak syarikat-syarikat tempatan yang mengeluarkan dan memasarkan produk produk makanan kesihatan yang berasaskan makanan buah buahan segar, sayur, herba, bahan galian dan juga tumbuhan laut dan kehidupan dari dalam laut untuk pilihan orang ramai (pengguna).
Seperti terbitnya syarikat pengilang dan pemasaran dalam pelbagai kategori. Antaranya pada dewasa ini, syarikat syarikat pengeluar produk kesihatan & makanan tambahan memasarkan produk mereka dengan cara pemasaran berbentuk network ataupun "Multi Level Marketing".
Cara begini juga bukan sahaja menggalakan sumber ekonomi kerajaan, namaun juga memberi peluang kepada orang ramai yang berminat ingin menambahkan pendapatan keluarga masing masing. Boleh juga dianggap satu budaya cara alaf baru yang sihat, di samping menambah pendapatan, dapat juga menyebarkan maklumat tentang penjagaan kesihatan kepada masyarakat.
Ada beberapa syarikat anak tempatan yang dapat kita kenali untuk mengetahui produk produk kesihatan di dalam negara kita Malysia ini. Antaranya ialah :-
1) ZBR2U.COM (ZEE BIOSCIENCE RESOURCES SDN BHD) yang masih baru beropersi
2) QMG2U.COM (QUANTUM MINERAL GLOBAL NETWORK) juga baru beropersi
dan banyak lg syarikat syarikat tempatan yang beroperasi.
Walau apa pun , pilihan adalah di tangan anda. Menjaga kesihatan lebih diutamakan selalain menjaga periuk nasi anda.
Oleh itu, beringatlah !!
di taja oleh
ZBR2u.com
QMG2U.com
Wednesday, July 10, 2013
Rezeki Halal
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Monday, January 24, 2011
Your right places to choose here
Tourism Industry – Discover on How You can reach-out to Millions of readers!
Some businesses spent thousands of dollars engaging in advertising and promotional campaign in order to promote their products or service into the market. Worst is, the result wasn’t justify the cost o your investment.
However, we can opt for other options as there are also a few cost effective or perhaps zero cost to get your business reaching out to the public:
Sign-up for every FREE listing you can find e.g. online listing, directory listing, internet portal etc.
Getting involves in Online Forums by giving feedbacks and suggestions and of cause letting people know when your source is and where you came from.
Even if your company decided to go on with advertisement, it is important choose those channels that reflect exactly to your target market and somehow the advertising channel or the subsidiaries had had built a strong foundations.
Recently I’ve found a great platform for FREE listing or even if companies would like to advertise their profile, as there are affordable packages available. Check this out: e-Holiday
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The First Few Steps To Boost Your Business in Turbulent Time
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Internet has become a main source of promotional tools in today business. In catering to the need and trend, Yellowpages has developed their segment in series of online directories and one of it is e-Holiday, which is doing very well.
In a dynamic business context today, it is important to allocate a budget be it for branding, creating awareness or reaching out to the publics and perhaps your potential client. However, there are tones of advertising medias in the market and all claimed themselves to be great.
It’s important to understand the criteria, as the guideline for us when we source for one. Based on our years of business in the distribution channels, the top rated criteria when selecting for an advertisement channel are:
Maximum Exposure. Consider the other related strengths of the particular channel. This is to ensure that your advertisement is well-placed and assured of being exposed to high traffic usage.
Track & Measure Information. Look for advertising tools that somehow can enable you to track users who click on your link, see where they go on your website, know which product is the most interesting to users, and correspond with your product development as well as sales target.
Focused Market. Do some research and study on the target segment of the advertising channel. On a later stage, this will help you reach-out to users who are looking for you product e.g. Tourism Industry.
Affordable Advertising Rates. A comprehensive advertising packages that contain information that you want others and your potential client to know about you particularly in Tourism Industry
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Researching Topics
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The Internet is primarily used to communicate, entertain, educate and research. It is thus no wonder that information-intensive eBooks, e-Directories, e-Catalogues etc are the most popular online products at present.
How do you decide on having those to help bring sales lead for your business?
There is no right or wrong answer which is the best way to promote online... Perhaps some of the good suggestions are:
Digitized your current printed material e.g. Brochures, Catalogues etc and start doing mass marketing via emails.
Out-source the marketing programme to the experts if you have some budget for this, as might cause you sum amount of money.
Associate with the established organisation that somehow inter-related to your industry to get leverage on their corporate branding and clientele, this will depend on what win-win benefits you can offers back to them?
Engage with medias in terms of advertisement channels depending on which target segment that your nature of business is aiming.
The whole idea is to tag along into an existing statically proven channel and leverage on it to reach out to your potential clients. Therefore Yellowpages had created e-Holiday, a Digitized Directory, as a perfect platform. e-Holiday
Generate more business leads with e-Holiday
High quality leads straight to your phone & website
Cost-effective advertising to suit all budgets
Range of options to stand out from your competitors
Choose advertising that best targets your customers
Some businesses spent thousands of dollars engaging in advertising and promotional campaign in order to promote their products or service into the market. Worst is, the result wasn’t justify the cost o your investment.
However, we can opt for other options as there are also a few cost effective or perhaps zero cost to get your business reaching out to the public:
Sign-up for every FREE listing you can find e.g. online listing, directory listing, internet portal etc.
Getting involves in Online Forums by giving feedbacks and suggestions and of cause letting people know when your source is and where you came from.
Even if your company decided to go on with advertisement, it is important choose those channels that reflect exactly to your target market and somehow the advertising channel or the subsidiaries had had built a strong foundations.
Recently I’ve found a great platform for FREE listing or even if companies would like to advertise their profile, as there are affordable packages available. Check this out: e-Holiday
************************************************
The First Few Steps To Boost Your Business in Turbulent Time
************************************************
Internet has become a main source of promotional tools in today business. In catering to the need and trend, Yellowpages has developed their segment in series of online directories and one of it is e-Holiday, which is doing very well.
In a dynamic business context today, it is important to allocate a budget be it for branding, creating awareness or reaching out to the publics and perhaps your potential client. However, there are tones of advertising medias in the market and all claimed themselves to be great.
It’s important to understand the criteria, as the guideline for us when we source for one. Based on our years of business in the distribution channels, the top rated criteria when selecting for an advertisement channel are:
Maximum Exposure. Consider the other related strengths of the particular channel. This is to ensure that your advertisement is well-placed and assured of being exposed to high traffic usage.
Track & Measure Information. Look for advertising tools that somehow can enable you to track users who click on your link, see where they go on your website, know which product is the most interesting to users, and correspond with your product development as well as sales target.
Focused Market. Do some research and study on the target segment of the advertising channel. On a later stage, this will help you reach-out to users who are looking for you product e.g. Tourism Industry.
Affordable Advertising Rates. A comprehensive advertising packages that contain information that you want others and your potential client to know about you particularly in Tourism Industry
************************************************
Researching Topics
************************************************
The Internet is primarily used to communicate, entertain, educate and research. It is thus no wonder that information-intensive eBooks, e-Directories, e-Catalogues etc are the most popular online products at present.
How do you decide on having those to help bring sales lead for your business?
There is no right or wrong answer which is the best way to promote online... Perhaps some of the good suggestions are:
Digitized your current printed material e.g. Brochures, Catalogues etc and start doing mass marketing via emails.
Out-source the marketing programme to the experts if you have some budget for this, as might cause you sum amount of money.
Associate with the established organisation that somehow inter-related to your industry to get leverage on their corporate branding and clientele, this will depend on what win-win benefits you can offers back to them?
Engage with medias in terms of advertisement channels depending on which target segment that your nature of business is aiming.
The whole idea is to tag along into an existing statically proven channel and leverage on it to reach out to your potential clients. Therefore Yellowpages had created e-Holiday, a Digitized Directory, as a perfect platform. e-Holiday
Generate more business leads with e-Holiday
High quality leads straight to your phone & website
Cost-effective advertising to suit all budgets
Range of options to stand out from your competitors
Choose advertising that best targets your customers
Sunday, January 23, 2011
E-Holiday
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Quick Description
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Things have never been the same before… Yellowpages had just recently launch its e-Holiday. As at now it’s the Malaysia most comprehensive Tourism Guide in Malaysia! Get yourselves a copy today e-Holiday
If you are in the Tourism industry, the more you need to have a copy and be listed in it. This definitely, a perfect platform for you to reach out to all the Tourism related business and your target market.
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Looking for a BEST advertising channel?:
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In dynamic business context today, it is important to allocate a budget be it for branding, creating awareness or reaching out to the publics and perhaps your potential client. However, there are tones of advertising medias in the market and all claimed themselves to be great.
It’s important to understand the criteria, as the guideline for us when we source for one. Based on our years of business in the distribution channels, the top rated criteria when selecting for an advertisement channel are:
Maximum Exposure. Consider the other related strengths of the particular channel. This is to ensure that your advertisement is well-placed and assured of being exposed to high traffic usage.
Track & Measure Information. Look for advertising tools that somehow can enable you to track users who click on your link, see where they go on your website, know which product is the most interesting to users, and correspond with your product development as well as sales target.
Focused Market. Do some research and study on the target segment of the advertising channel. On a later stage, this will help you reaches out to users who are looking for you product e.g. Tourism Industry.
Affordable Advertising Rates. A comprehensive advertising packages that contain information that you want others and your potential client to know about you particularly in Tourism Industry.
************************************
Things To Watch For:
************************************
How do you decide on having those to help bring sales lead for your business?
There is no right or wrong answer on which is the best way to promote online... Perhaps some of the good suggestions are:
Digitized your current printed material e.g. Brochures, Catalogues etc and start doing mass marketing via emails.
Out-source the marketing programme to the experts if you have some budget for this, as might cause you sum amount of money.
Associate with the established organisation that somehow inter-related to your industry to get leverage on their corporate branding and clientele, this will depend on what win-win benefits you can offers back to them?
Engage with medias in terms of advertisement channels depending on which target segment that your nature of business is aiming.
************************************
Conclusion:
************************************
If you or someone you know is looking for a advertisement channel, e-Holiday is a definite choice. Dollar for dollar, this is by far the best product in the market and by signing up any package during this promotion period; Yellowpages will be giving out FREE Advertisement on its printed directory.
For more information on this product check out e-Holiday
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Click bank blog
Tips for Becoming an Affiliate Magnet: Part 5
November 21st, 2008 | 
Author: Posted by: Ashley Adamson, ClickBank Senior Customer Service Representative
This is the final post in a five-part, five-day series about how publishers can attract more affiliates.
To really succeed as a ClickBank publisher, you need to get as many affiliates promoting your product as possible. In this five-part series, I show you some of the best techniques for becoming an affiliate magnet! Did you miss part one, two, three, or four?
Tip 5: Advertise
To further increase exposure of your product to affiliates, ClickBank provides a means by which you can purchase ad space within the ClickBank Marketplace, highlighting your product to hundreds of thousands of affiliates.
The Marketplace ads are three-line advertisements found on the right-hand side of Marketplace pages, under ‘Sponsored Links.’ You can see some current ads here:
http://www.clickbank.com/marketplace.htm
The costs of Marketplace ads vary, depending upon how much traffic a particular page or category receives. More exposure means a higher priced advertisement.
All contracts are month-to-month, so clients may utilize the ad space as long as they wish without being locked into any long-term agreements. To check availability and add your name to a possible waiting list, visithttps://www.clickbank.com/advertise.html. Select the location where you’d like to place an ad, fill out the form, and someone from ClickBank will contact you when a space becomes available.
Final Thoughts
Many publishers spend months, if not years, in product development. After so much arduous effort, why would you want to leave the success of your product to chance? No matter how great your product is, if you don’t do a good job of communicating that fact to the people who can help you promote it, it will never be as successful as it could be. So as you build the pitch page to sell your product, be sure that you work as hard on attracting affiliates as you do on attracting customers. By putting in the extra effort to make your product attractive to affiliates, you can become a serious affiliate magnet!
Good luck, and thank you for choosing ClickBank!
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Saturday, January 15, 2011
Computers / Internet
Hi,
I have some products that you can refer from my Blog. Its free view. You can search that recommended products that I want to share with.. Just take a look.
affiliate needed
find out what is the massive affiliate making money.
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Click Here! Pay Per Click PowerHouse Video Training
Pay Per Click PowerHouse Video Training
There's a brand new Membership site that has 5 websites you get that make money for you automatically - and you can get them in just 6 minutes from now - all with just 1-click!
You can literally get 5 powerful websites that are already making money!
I'm NOT joking - I'll show you PROOF in a moment!
But what you need to know most is this:
You get...
1. 5 amazing websites!
2. 5 websites that convert sales automatically!
3. 5 websites that forcibly put money directly into your pocket!
4. 5 websites that are run by another firm for you (and at NO charge!)
5. 5 websites that continue to promote for you over & over!
6. 5 websites that grow & cultivate 5 separate proven lists!
7. 5 websites that function automatically (so you never run it!)
8. And 5 websites that you get Free HOSTING for!
And again, they all come in a very easy-to-use Members Area you get your own private Username & Password LOGIN to!
It's rumored that the husband and wife couple who operate the sites may either LIMIT how many people are allowed in, or at the very least "choke" down the flow of new Members so as not to let just anybody get in.
It's also been speculated that they may stop offering anymore "5-Site Set" Memberships after some time (and without notice) just to keep competition "alive and well" (but who really knows?)
Regardless of which, it's clearly understood that once you're in, *YOU'RE IN!* (So don't waste time, or worse still: DO NOT RISK IT!)
PROOF!...
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Here is the link in case you're smart and want in just like me and the few others who've found this so far:
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**Just DON'T be shocked in case when you get there they're closed to any "NEW" Members!
(But just don't say I didn't warn you!)
Get 5 Powerful Websites with 1-Click in Just 6 Min:
http://natusin8.1clicksite.hop.clickbank.net
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Saturday, December 4, 2010
Thursday, October 7, 2010
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
water poloution
WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETY
By
David Krantz and Brad Kifferstein
INTRODUCTION
Comprising over 70% of the Earth�s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms
are dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.
POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES
According to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: �to make foul or unclean; dirty.� Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain, in the form of run-off
which in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint
sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.
CAUSES OF POLLUTION
Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.
This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.
Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic
material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.
Polluted River in the United Kingdom
The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most crutial environmental problems within the 20th century. Waterborne chemical pollution entering rivers and streams cause tramendous amounts of destruction.
Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.
ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTION
Three last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Petroleum often pollutes waterbodies in the form of oil, resulting from oil spills. The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example of this type of water pollution. These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along shore lines. Besides the supertankers, off-shore drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution. One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil transported. This is equal to about 0.0001 percent. Radioactive substances are produced in the form of waste from nuclear power plants, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive materials. Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium mining and refining. The last form of water pollution is heat. Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms. These decreases in temperatures are caused when a discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants occurs.
Demonstrators Protest Drilling
Oil pollution is a growing problem, particularly devestating to coastal wildlife. Small quantities of oil spread rapidly across long distances to form deadly oil slicks. In this picture, demonstrators with "oil-covered" plastic animals protest a potential drilling project in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or not accidental spills occur during the project, its impact on the delicate marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be devastating.
Oil Spill Clean-up
Workers use special nets to clean up a California beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental problem because once oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove or contain it. Even small amounts spread rapidly across large areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.
CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTION
The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal
wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can
account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their
collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.
Wastewater Treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.
Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater. These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of
phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial
feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods.
GROUND WATER
Ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. Ground water is found in natural rock formations. These formations, called aquifers, are a vital natural resource with many uses. Nationally, 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher. Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water. Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nation�s ground water quality is good to excellent, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination.
Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills.
LEGISLATION
Several forms of legislation have been passed in recent decades to try to control water pollution. In 1970, the Clean Water Act provided 50 billion dollars to cities and states to build wastewater facilities. This has helped control surface water pollution from industrial and municipal sources throughout the United States. When congress passed the Clean Water Act in 1972, states were given primary authority to set their own standards for their water. In addition to these standards, the act required that all state beneficial uses and their criteria must comply with the �fishable and swimmable� goals of the act. This essentially means that state beneficial uses must be able to support aquatic life and recreational use. Because it is impossible to test water for every type of disease-causing organism, states usually look to identify indicator bacteria. One for a example is a bacteria known as fecal coliforms.(Figure 1 shows the quality of water for each every state in the United States, click on the US link). These indicator bacteria suggest that a certain selection of water may be contaminated with untreated sewage and that other, more dangerous, organisms are present. These legislations are an important part in the fight against water pollution. They are useful in preventing Envioronmental catastrophes. The graph shows reported pollution incidents since 1989-1994. If stronger legislations existed, perhaps these events would never have occurred.
figure 1
GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION
Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.
Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held
in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP).
UNEP was designed to be �the environmental conscience of the United Nations,� and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.
WATER QUALITY
Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800�s. By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the �chemical age�, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously.
CONCLUSION
Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don�t end up in sewage treatment plants that can�t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are
just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.
Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently
exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Terms
Aquifers - natural rock formations, which contain ground water.
Eutrophication - The process of slowly filling in a water body with sediments and organic matter.
Non point source - delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. One way in, which this occurs, is through run-off.
Pathogens - or disease producing organism.
Point source - occurs when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. One way in which this occurs, is when someone throws a coke can into a body of water.
Pollution - to make foul or unclean; dirty.
Sediments - minerals or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice...matter which settles to the bottom a liquid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
� References
�
�
� Terry, LA Water Pollution ENVIRON. LAW PRACT., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 1996
� Poppe, Wayne; Hurst, Renee Water Pollution WATER QUAL INT, pp. 39-43, 1997
� Richman, M IND. Water Pollution WASTEWATER, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 24-29, 1997
� Tibbetts, J Anon. Water ENVIRON. SOLUTIONS, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 26, 1996
� US EPA, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 (USA), 1996, v.p.
� Onsdorff, KA Pollution; Water ENVIRON. LAW PRACT., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 14-18, 1996
� MacDonnell, LJ Water Quality LAND WATER LAW REV., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 329-348, 1996
� Brassard, PG Wetlands and Water Pollution BOSTON COLL. ENVIRON. AFF. LAW REV., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 885-919, 1996
� Ungate, CD Clean Water Initiative J. ENVIRON. PLANN. MANAGE., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 113-122, 1996
� Lindsey, T; Neese, S; Thomas, D Pollutin Prevention WATER QUAL. INT., pp. 32-36, 1996
� Gannon, RW; Osmond, DL; Humenik, FJ; Gale, JA; Spooner, J Agricultural Water Quality WATER RESOUR BULL, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 437-450, 1996
� U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA), 1996, 253 pp
� MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240 pp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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By
David Krantz and Brad Kifferstein
INTRODUCTION
Comprising over 70% of the Earth�s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms
are dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.
POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES
According to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: �to make foul or unclean; dirty.� Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain, in the form of run-off
which in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint
sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.
CAUSES OF POLLUTION
Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.
This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.
Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic
material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.
Polluted River in the United Kingdom
The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most crutial environmental problems within the 20th century. Waterborne chemical pollution entering rivers and streams cause tramendous amounts of destruction.
Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.
ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTION
Three last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Petroleum often pollutes waterbodies in the form of oil, resulting from oil spills. The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example of this type of water pollution. These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along shore lines. Besides the supertankers, off-shore drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution. One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil transported. This is equal to about 0.0001 percent. Radioactive substances are produced in the form of waste from nuclear power plants, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive materials. Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium mining and refining. The last form of water pollution is heat. Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms. These decreases in temperatures are caused when a discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants occurs.
Demonstrators Protest Drilling
Oil pollution is a growing problem, particularly devestating to coastal wildlife. Small quantities of oil spread rapidly across long distances to form deadly oil slicks. In this picture, demonstrators with "oil-covered" plastic animals protest a potential drilling project in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or not accidental spills occur during the project, its impact on the delicate marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be devastating.
Oil Spill Clean-up
Workers use special nets to clean up a California beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental problem because once oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove or contain it. Even small amounts spread rapidly across large areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.
CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTION
The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal
wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can
account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their
collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.
Wastewater Treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.
Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater. These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of
phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial
feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods.
GROUND WATER
Ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. Ground water is found in natural rock formations. These formations, called aquifers, are a vital natural resource with many uses. Nationally, 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher. Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water. Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nation�s ground water quality is good to excellent, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination.
Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills.
LEGISLATION
Several forms of legislation have been passed in recent decades to try to control water pollution. In 1970, the Clean Water Act provided 50 billion dollars to cities and states to build wastewater facilities. This has helped control surface water pollution from industrial and municipal sources throughout the United States. When congress passed the Clean Water Act in 1972, states were given primary authority to set their own standards for their water. In addition to these standards, the act required that all state beneficial uses and their criteria must comply with the �fishable and swimmable� goals of the act. This essentially means that state beneficial uses must be able to support aquatic life and recreational use. Because it is impossible to test water for every type of disease-causing organism, states usually look to identify indicator bacteria. One for a example is a bacteria known as fecal coliforms.(Figure 1 shows the quality of water for each every state in the United States, click on the US link). These indicator bacteria suggest that a certain selection of water may be contaminated with untreated sewage and that other, more dangerous, organisms are present. These legislations are an important part in the fight against water pollution. They are useful in preventing Envioronmental catastrophes. The graph shows reported pollution incidents since 1989-1994. If stronger legislations existed, perhaps these events would never have occurred.
figure 1
GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION
Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.
Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held
in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP).
UNEP was designed to be �the environmental conscience of the United Nations,� and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.
WATER QUALITY
Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800�s. By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the �chemical age�, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously.
CONCLUSION
Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don�t end up in sewage treatment plants that can�t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are
just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.
Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently
exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Terms
Aquifers - natural rock formations, which contain ground water.
Eutrophication - The process of slowly filling in a water body with sediments and organic matter.
Non point source - delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. One way in, which this occurs, is through run-off.
Pathogens - or disease producing organism.
Point source - occurs when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. One way in which this occurs, is when someone throws a coke can into a body of water.
Pollution - to make foul or unclean; dirty.
Sediments - minerals or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice...matter which settles to the bottom a liquid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
� References
�
�
� Terry, LA Water Pollution ENVIRON. LAW PRACT., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 1996
� Poppe, Wayne; Hurst, Renee Water Pollution WATER QUAL INT, pp. 39-43, 1997
� Richman, M IND. Water Pollution WASTEWATER, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 24-29, 1997
� Tibbetts, J Anon. Water ENVIRON. SOLUTIONS, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 26, 1996
� US EPA, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 (USA), 1996, v.p.
� Onsdorff, KA Pollution; Water ENVIRON. LAW PRACT., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 14-18, 1996
� MacDonnell, LJ Water Quality LAND WATER LAW REV., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 329-348, 1996
� Brassard, PG Wetlands and Water Pollution BOSTON COLL. ENVIRON. AFF. LAW REV., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 885-919, 1996
� Ungate, CD Clean Water Initiative J. ENVIRON. PLANN. MANAGE., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 113-122, 1996
� Lindsey, T; Neese, S; Thomas, D Pollutin Prevention WATER QUAL. INT., pp. 32-36, 1996
� Gannon, RW; Osmond, DL; Humenik, FJ; Gale, JA; Spooner, J Agricultural Water Quality WATER RESOUR BULL, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 437-450, 1996
� U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA), 1996, 253 pp
� MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240 pp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For a good time click here
If you have comments or suggestions, email me at bkiffers@umich.edu
This page created with Netscape Navigator Gold
Monday, August 3, 2009
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